Old imaginative pattern that has
appeared in literature throughout the ages.
It can be portrayed in forms of plots, characters,
or images.
1. God
2. Scapegoat
3. Villain
Plain style
A way of writing that stresses simplicity and clarity of expression.
1. (involuntarily donated by an anonymous solicitor)
.. PROVIDED ALWAYS AND IT IS HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED that the Lessor shall be entitled at its absolute discretion to vary the proportion of the Service Costs payable by the Lessee as defined in clause 1(n) in the event of rights being granted pursuant to the terms of paragraph 5 of the Fifth Schedule hereto Provided that such variation shall not result in the said Service Charge proportion being increased (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_language)
2. (from Lord Justice Scarman's judgment in Chase International Corporation v. Oliver (1978))
The plaintiff and the defendants are adjoining landowners. The plaintiff asserts that he has a right of way over the defendants’ land giving access from his land to the public highway. Without this access his land is in fact landlocked, but, for reasons which clearly appear from the narration of the facts already given by my Lords, the plaintiff cannot claim a right of way by necessity. The plaintiff has no grant. He has the benefit of no enforceable contract. He has no prescriptive right. His case has to be that the defendants are estopped by their conduct from denying him a right of access over their land to the public highway. If the plaintiff has any right, it is an equity arising out of the conduct and relationship of the parties. In such a case I think it is now well settled law that the court, having analysed and assessed the conduct and relationship of the parties, has to answer three questions. First, is there an equity established? Secondly, what is the extent of the equity, if one is established? And, thirdly, what is the relief appropriate to satisfy the equity? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_language)
3. "They have, therefore, been most rigorous in putting in execution the only Remedy that can be found for this extravagance, and that has been a constant Resolution to reject all the amplifications, digressions, and swellings of style, to return back to the primitive purity, and shortness, when men delivered so many things almost in an equal number of words. They have exacted from all their members, a close, naked, natural way of speaking--positive expressions, clear senses, a native easiness--bringing all things as near the Mathematical plainness as they can." (Thomas Sprat)
Paradox
A statement that appears self-contradictory but reveals a kind of truth.
1. If you get this message, call me; if you don't, then don't worry about it.
2. I know that I know nothing
3. A rich man is no richer than a beggar.
Extended metaphor
A metaphor that is extended or developed over a number of lines or with
several examples.
1. "I graduated from the University of Life. All right? I received a degree from the School of Hard Knocks. And our colors were black and blue, baby. I had office hours with the Dean of Bloody Noses. All right? I borrowed my class notes from Professor Knuckle Sandwich and his Teaching Assistant, Ms. Fat Lip Thon Nyun. That’s the kind of school I went to for real, okay?" (Will Ferrell)
2. She is the pointing gun, we are the bullets of her desire.
3." The seeds of discontent have already been sown it remains to be seen whether weeds or flowers will spring forth." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_metaphor)
Simile
The comparison of two unlike things using like or as.
1. "The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present..." (Sinners in Hands of an Angry God)
2. "He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow." (George Eliot)
3. "Human speech is like a cracked cauldron on which we bang out tunes that make bears dance, when we want to move the stars to pity." (Gustave Flaubert)
Metaphor
Comparison of two unlike things using the verb "to be" and not using like or as as in a simile.
1. A lifetime is a day, death is sleep; a lifetime is a year, death is winter. (http://www.englishforums.com/English/ExamplesOfMetaphors/vvk/post.htm)
2. "The streets were a furnace, the sun an executioner." (Cynthia Ozick)
3."A man may break a word with you, sir, and words are but wind." (William Shakespear)
Personification
Giving human qualities to animals or objects.
1. "The bow of God's wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready on the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow..." (Sinners in Hands of an Angry God)
2. "The operation is over. On the table, the knife lies spent, on its side, the bloody meal smear-dried upon its flanks. The knife rests." (Richard Selzer)
3. "Only the champion daisy trees were serene. After all, they were part of a rain forest already two thousand years old and scheduled for eternity, so they ignored the men and continued to rock the diamondbacks that slept in their arms. It took the river to persuade them that indeed the world was altered." (Toni Morrison)
Irony
The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
1. Proctor's refusal to hand the signed paper to Danforth revealed his reasons through action.
2. Betty's unjustifiable actions was done to hide her reason for the sin that she committed.
3. In order for us to understand why character acts the way they do, their motivation has to be believable, at least in terms of the story. (textbook)
Dynamic Character
A character who undergoes an important and basic change in personality or outlook.
1. Abigail goes through important change which triggers the witchcraft trials.
2. Mary Warren betrays Proctor and changes to support Abigail and the other girls again.
3. Reverend Parris and Reverend Hale are examples of dynamic character.
Comic Relief
A humorous scene, incident, or remark occurring in the midst of a serious or tragic literary selection and deliberately designed to relieve emotional intensity and simultaneously to heighten, increase, and highlight the seriousness or tragedy of the action.
1. Shakespeare's plays often include comic relief.
2.
3.
Symbol
A symbol is a word or object that stands for another word or object. The object or word can be seen with the eye or not visible.
1. "Although symbolism works by the power of suggestion, a symbol is not the same as a meaning or a moral. A symbol cannot be an abstraction. Rather, a symbol is the thing that points to the abstraction. In Poe's 'The Raven,' death isn't the symbol; the bird is. In Crane's The Red Badge of Courage, courage isn't the symbol; blood is. Symbols are usually objects, but actions can also work as symbols--thus the term 'symbolic gesture.' (http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/symbolterm.htm)
2. "A symbol means more than itself, but first it means itself. Like a developing image in a photographer's tray, a symbol reveals itself slowly. It's been there all along, waiting to emerge from the story, the poem, the essay--and from the writer herself." (http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/symbolterm.htm)
3. "The dictator ruled with an iron fist." (http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090609065032AANpIFs)
Inference
A conclusion drawn from evidence or reasoning.
1. The judge in The Crucible made inferences based on the children's words.
2. Proctor made an inference that witchcraft was false after Mary told the truth.
3. Abigail's runaway helped Parris to make an inference that she had been lying all along.
Aphorism
A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.
1. Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack is a book of aphorism. (textbook)
2. Ralph Waldo Emerson's style is aphoristic- he incorporates many pithy sayings into his essays. (textbook)
3. "Sits on he on ever so high a throne, a man still sits on his bottom." (http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/aphorismterm.htm)
Persuasion
One of the four forms of discourse, which uses reasons and emotional appeals to convince a reader to think or act in a certain way.
1. Persuasive techniques are used in the Declaration of Independence, in Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty, or give me death" speech. and in Thomas Paine's The Crisis, No.1 (textbook)
2. Persuasion is almost exclusively used in nonfiction, particularly in essays and speeches. (textbook)
3. "In a republican nation, whose citizens are to be led by reason and persuasion and not by force, the art of reasoning becomes of first importance." (http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/persuasionterm.htm)
Rhetorical Question
A question that is asked for effect and that does not actually require an anwer.
A reference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or some other branch of culture.
1. You won't understand the cartoon below unless you recognize the fairy tale it alludes to. (textbook)
2. The title of Sandra Cisneros's essay "Straw into Gold" is an allusion to the folk tale about Rumpelstiltskin. (textbook)
3. T.S. Elliot drew on his knowledge of the Bible when he alluded to the raising of Lazarus. (textbook)
Analogy
A comparison made between two things to show how they are alike.
1. Thomas Paine draws an analogy between a thief breaking into a house and the king of England interfering in the affairs of the American Colonies. (textbook)
2. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence. (http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/f/qanalogy07.htm)
3. Maradona's infamous "hand of God" goal, which should have been disallowed, reflected old-fashioned central banking, Mr King said. It was full of mystique and "he was lucky to get away with it." But the second goal, where Maradona beat five players before scoring, even though he ran in a straight line, was an example of modern practice. "How can you beat five players by running in a straight line? The answer is that the English defenders reacted to what they expected Maradona to do. . . . Monetary policy works in a similar way. Market interest rates react to what the central bank is expected to do." (http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/f/qanalogy07.htm)
Anecdote
A very brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something.
1. In Thomas Paine's "The Crisis, No.1," the tale of the Tory tavern keeper and his child is an anecdote. (textbook)
2. "Sometimes I get the start of a story from a memory, an anecdote, but that gets lost and is usually unrecognizable in the final story." (http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/anecdoteterm.htm)
3."From its beginning the anecdote has acted as a leveling device. It humanizes, democratizes, acts as a counterweight to encomium. Perhaps that is why it flourishes best in countries that, like Britain and the United States, enjoy a strong democratic tradition." (http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/anecdoteterm.htm)
Counterclaim
A claim made to offset another claim, esp. one made by the defendant in a legal action.
1. Teachers say that it takes short amount of time to go to your next class, but is it really true? There is no evidence supporting this because we've never saw the teachers try this experiment.
2. The lawyer offset the claim with firm evidence which made the opponents lose the case.
3.
Tone
The attitude a writer takes toward the subject of a work, the characters in it, or the audience.
1. The tone in Patrick Henry's speech to the Virginia Convention i subjective, even impassioned.
2. The quietness of his tone italicized the malice of his reply. (http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/toneterm.htm)
3. Only when we are making sentences so shaped [by spoken sentence tones] are we truly writing. A sentence must convey a meaning by tone of voice and it must be the particular meaning the writer intended. The reader must have no choice in the matter. The tone of voice and its meaning must be in black and white on the page. (http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/toneterm.htm)
Mood
The overall emotion created by a work of literature.
1. The mood of Horacio Quiroga's "The Feathered Pillow" is cold and menacing. (textbook)
2. The distinction between major and minor mood is not clear-cut, but intuitively minor moods (1) are highly restricted in their productivity, (2) are peripheral to communication, (3) are probably low in their relative frequency of occurrence, and (4) vary widely across languages. (http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/moodterm.htm)
3.The dominant mood of the story is that of expectation. This mood is developed through the dreams of the major characters. The other mood that prevails is premonitory, of impending doom. There are also other moods evoked through the actions of the characters reflecting sorrow, pity, and brutality. The novel ends on a tragic note. The mood at the end is definitely one of depression and frustration. (http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080212140511AAGmgT1)
Allegory
A story or poem in which characters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities.
1. Puritans were trained to see their own lives as allegories of biblical experiences. (textbook)
2. Nathaniel Hawthorne's and Edgar Allan Poe's fictions are often called allegorical. (textbook)
3. Aesop Fables.
Meter
A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.
1. These scanned lines from "Richard Corey" are iambic: They are built on iambs- unstressed syllables followed by stressed syllables. (textbook)
2.
3.
Personification
A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes.
1.In "Apparently with no surprise," Emily Dickison personifies the forest as a heedless killer and a lower as a playful child. (textbook)
2. The wind stood up and gave a shout.
He whistled on his fingers and Kicked the withered leaves about And thumped the branches with his hand
And said he'd kill and kill and kill, And so he will and so he will. (http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/personifterm.htm)
3. The road isn't built that can make it breathe hard! (http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/personifterm.htm)
Alliteration
The repretition of the same or similar consonant sounds in words that are close together.
The use of a word whose sound imitates or suggests its meaning.
1. The word buzz is onomatopoeic; it imitates the sound it names. (textbook)
2. Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse-hoofs ringing clear; Tlot-tlot, tlot-tlot, in the distance? Were they deaf that they did not hear? (http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/onomaterms.htm)
3. Plop, plop, fizz, fizz, oh what a relief it is. (http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/onomaterms.htm)
Imagery
The use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, a thing, a place, or an experience.
1. "Although most images appeal to the sense of sight, they may appeal to the sense of taste, smell, hearing, and touch as well." (textbook)
2. "At the next table a woman stuck her nose in a novel; a college kid pecked at a laptop. Overlaying all this, a soundtrack: choo-k-choo-k-choo-k-choo-k-choo-k--the metronomic rhythm of an Amtrak train rolling down the line to California, a sound that called to mind an old camera reel moving frames of images along a linear track, telling a story." (http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/imageryterm.htm)
3. "In our kitchen, he would bolt his orange juice (squeezed on one of those ribbed glass sombreros and then poured off through a strainer) and grab a bite of toast (the toaster a simple tin box, a kind of little hut with slit and slanted sides, that rested over a gas burner and browned one side of the bread, in stripes, at a time), and then he would dash, so hurriedly that his necktie flew back over his shoulder, down through our yard, past the grapevines hung with buzzing Japanese-beetle traps, to the yellow brick building, with its tall smokestack and wide playing fields, where he taught." (http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/imageryterm.htm)
Free verse
Poetry that oes not conform to regular meter or rhyme scheme.
1. Poets who write in free verse try to reproduce the natural rhythms of spoken language. (textbook)
2. Free verse uss the traditional poetic elements of imagery, figures of speech, repetition, internal rhyme, alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia. (textbook)
3. The first American practitioner of free verse was Walt Whitman. (textbook)
Cadence
The natural, rhythmic rise and fall of a language as it is normally spoken.
1. Cadence is different from meter, in which stressed and unstressed syllables of a poetic line are carefully counted to conform to a regular pattern. (textbook)
2. Walt Whitman was a master of imitating the cadence of spoken American English in his free verse. (textbook)
3.
SAT PRACTICE
JOURNALS
appeared in literature throughout the ages.
It can be portrayed in forms of plots, characters,
or images.
2. Scapegoat
3. Villain
.. PROVIDED ALWAYS AND IT IS HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED that the Lessor shall be entitled at its absolute discretion to vary the proportion of the Service Costs payable by the Lessee as defined in clause 1(n) in the event of rights being granted pursuant to the terms of paragraph 5 of the Fifth Schedule hereto Provided that such variation shall not result in the said Service Charge proportion being increased (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_language)
2. (from Lord Justice Scarman's judgment in Chase International Corporation v. Oliver (1978))
The plaintiff and the defendants are adjoining landowners. The plaintiff asserts that he has a right of way over the defendants’ land giving access from his land to the public highway. Without this access his land is in fact landlocked, but, for reasons which clearly appear from the narration of the facts already given by my Lords, the plaintiff cannot claim a right of way by necessity. The plaintiff has no grant. He has the benefit of no enforceable contract. He has no prescriptive right. His case has to be that the defendants are estopped by their conduct from denying him a right of access over their land to the public highway. If the plaintiff has any right, it is an equity arising out of the conduct and relationship of the parties. In such a case I think it is now well settled law that the court, having analysed and assessed the conduct and relationship of the parties, has to answer three questions. First, is there an equity established? Secondly, what is the extent of the equity, if one is established? And, thirdly, what is the relief appropriate to satisfy the equity? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_language)
3. "They have, therefore, been most rigorous in putting in execution the only Remedy that can be found for this extravagance, and that has been a constant Resolution to reject all the amplifications, digressions, and swellings of style, to return back to the primitive purity, and shortness, when men delivered so many things almost in an equal number of words. They have exacted from all their members, a close, naked, natural way of speaking--positive expressions, clear senses, a native easiness--bringing all things as near the Mathematical plainness as they can." (Thomas Sprat)
2. I know that I know nothing
3. A rich man is no richer than a beggar.
several examples.
2. She is the pointing gun, we are the bullets of her desire.
3." The seeds of discontent have already been sown it remains to be seen whether weeds or flowers will spring forth." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_metaphor)
2. "He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow." (George Eliot)
3. "Human speech is like a cracked cauldron on which we bang out tunes that make bears dance, when we want to move the stars to pity." (Gustave Flaubert)
2. "The streets were a furnace, the sun an executioner." (Cynthia Ozick)
3."A man may break a word with you, sir, and words are but wind." (William Shakespear)
2. "The operation is over. On the table, the knife lies spent, on its side, the bloody meal smear-dried upon its flanks. The knife rests." (Richard Selzer)
3. "Only the champion daisy trees were serene. After all, they were part of a rain forest already two thousand years old and scheduled for eternity, so they ignored the men and continued to rock the diamondbacks that slept in their arms. It took the river to persuade them that indeed the world was altered." (Toni Morrison)
2. ""Marriage is the leading cause of divorce." (http://www.jimloy.com/language/irony.htm)
3. "I can't see the forest for the trees." (http://www.jimloy.com/language/irony.htm)
2. Betty's unjustifiable actions was done to hide her reason for the sin that she committed.
3. In order for us to understand why character acts the way they do, their motivation has to be believable, at least in terms of the story. (textbook)
2. Mary Warren betrays Proctor and changes to support Abigail and the other girls again.
3. Reverend Parris and Reverend Hale are examples of dynamic character.
2.
3.
2. "A symbol means more than itself, but first it means itself. Like a developing image in a photographer's tray, a symbol reveals itself slowly. It's been there all along, waiting to emerge from the story, the poem, the essay--and from the writer herself." (http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/symbolterm.htm)
3. "The dictator ruled with an iron fist." (http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090609065032AANpIFs)
2. Proctor made an inference that witchcraft was false after Mary told the truth.
3. Abigail's runaway helped Parris to make an inference that she had been lying all along.
2. Ralph Waldo Emerson's style is aphoristic- he incorporates many pithy sayings into his essays. (textbook)
3. "Sits on he on ever so high a throne, a man still sits on his bottom." (http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/aphorismterm.htm)
2. Persuasion is almost exclusively used in nonfiction, particularly in essays and speeches. (textbook)
3. "In a republican nation, whose citizens are to be led by reason and persuasion and not by force, the art of reasoning becomes of first importance." (http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/persuasionterm.htm)
2. "Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?" (http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/rhetquesterm.htm)
3."To actually see inside your ear canal--it would be fascinating, wouldn't it?" (http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/rhetquesterm.htm)
2. The title of Sandra Cisneros's essay "Straw into Gold" is an allusion to the folk tale about Rumpelstiltskin. (textbook)
3. T.S. Elliot drew on his knowledge of the Bible when he alluded to the raising of Lazarus. (textbook)
2. Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence. (http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/f/qanalogy07.htm)
3. Maradona's infamous "hand of God" goal, which should have been disallowed, reflected old-fashioned central banking, Mr King said. It was full of mystique and "he was lucky to get away with it." But the second goal, where Maradona beat five players before scoring, even though he ran in a straight line, was an example of modern practice. "How can you beat five players by running in a straight line? The answer is that the English defenders reacted to what they expected Maradona to do. . . . Monetary policy works in a similar way. Market interest rates react to what the central bank is expected to do." (http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/f/qanalogy07.htm)
2. "Sometimes I get the start of a story from a memory, an anecdote, but that gets lost and is usually unrecognizable in the final story." (http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/anecdoteterm.htm)
3."From its beginning the anecdote has acted as a leveling device. It humanizes, democratizes, acts as a counterweight to encomium. Perhaps that is why it flourishes best in countries that, like Britain and the United States, enjoy a strong democratic tradition." (http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/anecdoteterm.htm)
2. The lawyer offset the claim with firm evidence which made the opponents lose the case.
3.
2. The quietness of his tone italicized the malice of his reply. (http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/toneterm.htm)
3. Only when we are making sentences so shaped [by spoken sentence tones] are we truly writing. A sentence must convey a meaning by tone of voice and it must be the particular meaning the writer intended. The reader must have no choice in the matter. The tone of voice and its meaning must be in black and white on the page. (http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/toneterm.htm)
2. The distinction between major and minor mood is not clear-cut, but intuitively minor moods (1) are highly restricted in their productivity, (2) are peripheral to communication, (3) are probably low in their relative frequency of occurrence, and (4) vary widely across languages. (http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/moodterm.htm)
3.The dominant mood of the story is that of expectation. This mood is developed through the dreams of the major characters. The other mood that prevails is premonitory, of impending doom. There are also other moods evoked through the actions of the characters reflecting sorrow, pity, and brutality. The novel ends on a tragic note. The mood at the end is definitely one of depression and frustration. (http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080212140511AAGmgT1)
2. Nathaniel Hawthorne's and Edgar Allan Poe's fictions are often called allegorical. (textbook)
3. Aesop Fables.
2.
3.
2. The wind stood up and gave a shout.
He whistled on his fingers and Kicked the withered leaves about And thumped the branches with his hand
And said he'd kill and kill and kill, And so he will and so he will. (http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/personifterm.htm)
3. The road isn't built that can make it breathe hard! (http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/personifterm.htm)
2. You'll never put a better bit of butter on your knife. (http://grammar.about.com/od/terms/g/alliteration.htm)
3. The soul selects her own society. (http://grammar.about.com/od/terms/g/alliteration.htm)
2.
Whose woods these are I think I know
His house is in the village though
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Examples_of_rhyme_schemes)
3.
Let me not in the marriage of true minds
admit impediments love is not love
when it alters when it alteration finds
or bends with the remover to remove (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Examples_of_rhyme_schemes)
2. Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse-hoofs ringing clear; Tlot-tlot, tlot-tlot, in the distance? Were they deaf that they did not hear? (http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/onomaterms.htm)
3. Plop, plop, fizz, fizz, oh what a relief it is. (http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/onomaterms.htm)
2. "At the next table a woman stuck her nose in a novel; a college kid pecked at a laptop. Overlaying all this, a soundtrack: choo-k-choo-k-choo-k-choo-k-choo-k--the metronomic rhythm of an Amtrak train rolling down the line to California, a sound that called to mind an old camera reel moving frames of images along a linear track, telling a story." (http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/imageryterm.htm)
3. "In our kitchen, he would bolt his orange juice (squeezed on one of those ribbed glass sombreros and then poured off through a strainer) and grab a bite of toast (the toaster a simple tin box, a kind of little hut with slit and slanted sides, that rested over a gas burner and browned one side of the bread, in stripes, at a time), and then he would dash, so hurriedly that his necktie flew back over his shoulder, down through our yard, past the grapevines hung with buzzing Japanese-beetle traps, to the yellow brick building, with its tall smokestack and wide playing fields, where he taught." (http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/imageryterm.htm)
2. Free verse uss the traditional poetic elements of imagery, figures of speech, repetition, internal rhyme, alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia. (textbook)
3. The first American practitioner of free verse was Walt Whitman. (textbook)
2. Walt Whitman was a master of imitating the cadence of spoken American English in his free verse. (textbook)
3.